Blueberries

VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.

Blueberries
VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.

Bilberry; al. Blaubeer, bickbeer; English. Blueberry.

Fruit, leaf.

The cranberry is a subshrub leaves coriaceous and outdated. The flowers in the form of a bell, solitary or twin in the armpit of the leaves are evergreen sepals and stamens with anthers appendicular. The fruit, berry blue, is flattened at the top and seems to be covered with dust when it reaches maturity.

Source.

The bilberry, which is common in all siliceous acidic soils of the northern hemisphere, especially abundant in the mountainous regions where large tracts colonizes, leaving little room for other species.

Chemical composition.

The berries of the cranberry is rich in water (85%) dare (3 to 7%) minerals (K, Ca, Mn) and acid (1%, mainly citrus) Have been characterized more acidic phenolsas well as several alkaloids quinolizidínicos. The active compounds are heterósidos of Genina cationic: anthocyanins.

• anthocyanins. Representing approximately 0. 5% of fresh weight and high - performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reversed phase has allowed caraterizar 13 different anthocyanins. The sugars are glucose, galactose and arabinose. Have identified five Genina: delfinidol, cianidol, malvidol, peonidol and petunidol. It is also noted the presence of dimers proantocianidoles of (catechol, epicatecol and the flavonol glycosides (St. John quercitrósido)

• The road is poor in anthocyanins. It contains flavonoids, heterósidos of quercetol (rutoside, avicularina (= 3 - Oa - L) arabinosil quercetol) and 5 to 10% of condensed tannins, oligomers and polymers flavanólicos. Like many Ericaceae, contains acids triterpenic. The presence of arbutósido, formerly recognized, it seems inconsistent. Acids and phenols acids are identical to those of berries.

Pharmacological data.

Have been able to demonstrate experimentally, several pharmacological properties attributed to anthocyanins.

• Action on the microcirculation. Anthocyanins increase resistance and decrease capillary permeability as evidenced by the test pad, rat and Trypan blue rat and rabbit. Angioprotectora activity might be related, among others, with an inhibition of elastase. On the other hand, there is a potentiation of catecholamines by inhibition of catecholamine O - methyl transferase. In rats, stimulating platelet activity anticaking physiological per os [477] and reduce the edema carrageenan, both via iv as per you [475] In vitro, it has been shown to protect against collagen proteolytic (non - enzymatic) induced superoxide ions [479]

• Action on the microcirculation. Anthocyanins increase resistance and decrease capillary permeability as evidenced by the test pad, rat and Trypan blue rat and rabbit. Angioprotectora activity might be related, among others, with an inhibition of elastase. On the other hand, there is a potentiation of catecholamines by inhibition of catecholamine O - methyl transferase. In rats, stimulating platelet activity anticaking physiological per os [477] and reduce the edema carrageenan, both via iv as per you [475] In vitro, it has been shown to protect against collagen proteolytic (non - enzymatic) induced superoxide ions [479]

It has also been demonstrated in rat, an action that protects the gastric mucosa facing various actors ulcerogénicos chemical or physical (stress)

• The leaves contain a set of substances (not identified) capable of lowering blood sugar in rabbits to which causes a hyperglycemia by overloading or aloxano.

Observations on the Man.

Have carried out numerous clinical studies with a view to assessing the consequences of the administration of specialties enriched in anthocyanins. The effects on the capillaries are measured by using a angiosterómetro depression, or for evaluation (biochemistry) from the loss of water from the capillaries after a compression of tissues. They also have been achieved good results (about 2 / 3 of comments) in case of varicose veins, vascular disorders associated with a cirrhotic state or diabetic, for bruises, bleeding of mucous membranes, edema.

In man, has studied the action on the vision and scotopic mesópica by subjective methods (investigation of the minimum detectable light) and also by electrorreninografía.

Employment.

The anthocyanins are part of the composition of specialties allopathic proposals, per os, for the treatment of symptoms due to capillary fragility Skin (capilarosis of various etiologies, retinal vascular disorders, etc. Or venous insufficiency as well as in ophthalmology. The cranberry's anthocyanins are non - toxic by the usual route of administration: LD50 per os is indeterminable in mouse or rat; LD50 ip is 4. 11 g / kg in mice and inland i. v. is 0. 24 g / kg in rats. No chronic toxicity was observed. Traditionally, the leaves of blueberry have been used in the treatment of diarrhea and light (as anthocyanins) in the treatment of manifestations of functional disorders of the microcirculation. Used to natural, are non - toxic which would not be the case of the extracts. The dried berries, also antidiarrheal calm the pain of colitis espasmódicas and are used in Phytotherapy for this purpose.

In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the treatment of varicose veins, haemorrhoids, capillary fragility, arterial, venous insufficiency by edema, hemeralopia, retinitis pigmentosa, myopia and diarrhea.

Precautions.

Ingestion of doses well above those recommended and prolonged treatments, hydroquinone can cause poisoning.

The drug.

The berries of Vaccinium myrtillus are globulosa. The upper part is crushed and crowned by the remains of the style and the Goblet forming a circular retreat. The interior of the fruit is juicy and parenchyma by a purple oval that contains many seeds. The cross section of the fruit shows a skin cell tangentially elongated, mesocarp a lagoon formed by a parenchyma with calcium oxalate crystals and cell Sclerosus dotted. The various polyphenolic components of the drug can be studied by the usual chromatographic techniques.

Bibliography.

R. BRENNEISEN and E. STEINEGGER.

Aur Polyphenole Analytik der von der Früchte Vaccinium myrtillus L. Ericaceae)

Pharm. Acta Helv. 56, 180 - 185, 1981. Idem, ibidem, p. 341 - 343.

P. Sloss and C. HOOTELE.

Myrtine and epimyrtine, quinolizidine alkaloids from Vaccinium myrtillus.

Tetrahedron, 37, 4287 - 4292, 1981.

E. VERETTE.

Fractionnement des composés polyphénoliques of Myrtille (Vaccinium myrtillus) Etude of antiradicalaire leur activité, determining des anthocyane monomers.

Doctoral Thesis of the third cycle, Montpellier I (Pharmacy) 1984.

P. Delaveau Myrtille,

Vaccinium myrtillus L. Ericaceae)

Act. Pharm. 169) 33 - 34, 1980.

D. FROHNE.

Heidelbeerblätter. In: Teedrogen (Ein Handbuch fur die Praxis auf Wissenschaftlicher Grundlage) M. WICHTL, ed. Stuttgart, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 2. Auflage, P. 217 - 219, 1989.

A. LIETTI, A. CRISTONI et M. Picci.

Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides: 1. Vasoprotective and antiinflammatory activity.

Arzneim. Forsch. 26, 829 - 832, 1976.

M. JONADET, M. T. MEUNIER, J. and P. BASTIDE.

Anthocyanosides extracts of Vitis vinifera, of Vaccinium myrtillus and Pinus maritimus. I. Inhibitrices activities vis - à - vis de l'elastase in vitro. II. Activities angioprotectrices compared in vivo.

J. Pharm. BM. JONADET, M. T. MEUNIER.

V. BETTINI, A Fiori, R. Martino, F. MAYELLARO and P. TON.

Study on the mechanism whereby anthocyanosides potentiate the effect of catecholamines on coronary vessels.

Phytotherapy, 56, 67 - 72, 1985.

P. MORAZZONI and M. J. Magistretti.

Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin - like activity in Rat arterial tissue.

Phytotherapy, 57, 11 - 14, 1986. On the anticaking activity, see also: F. ZARAGOZA, I. CHURCHES and J. Benedí, EstudioP. MORAZZONI and M. J. Magistretti.

Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides on prostacyclin - like activity in Rat arterial Tiss.

M. J. Magistretti, M. CONTI and A. CRISTONI.

Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus.

Arzneim. Forsch. 38, 686 - 690, 1988.

J. C. MONBOISSE, P. BRAQUET, A. RANDOUX and J. P. BOREL.

Non enzymatic degradation of acid - soluble calf skin COLLAGEN by superoxyde ion: protective effect of flavonoids.

Biochem. Pharmacol. 32, 53 - 58, 1983.

M. CAT and J. M. CALLEJA.

Preliminary study of the selectivity of hypoglycemic Vaccinium myrtillus L.

Biological work of Compostela, 9, 5 - 14, 1982 (cited by JB: GAULT in memory of his PhD in Pharmacy, Strasbourg, 1985; No 85 / 502 of CAT and M.

G. E. JAYLE and L. AUBERT.

Anthocyane glucosidase des d'Action sur la vision scotopique et du sujet normal mésopique.

Therapy, 19, 171 - 185, 1964.

R. THESE.

Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. Arzneimittelinformationen der Abda.

Z. für Phytother. 9, 105 - 110, 1988; see also: D. FROHNE, ibid, p. 111.

M. GUILLERMOZ.

The Myrtille (Vaccinium myrtillus L. Son intérêt Thérapeutiques - Etude bibliographique. PhD in pharmacy (Diplôme d'Etat) Nantes, 1984.

Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.

Diarrhea.

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