WHITE SAUCE
SALIX ALBA L.
WHITE SAUCE
Sauce common; al.: Silber-Weide; English.: White wilow
Bark
The genus includes Ye dioecious trees and shrubs with leaves lanceolate simple. The flowers, grouped in amentos, are embedded in the armpit of a bract silky, with a perianth reduced to two nectaries in both sexes. The male flowers are 2 to 5 stamens, the female had an ovary unilocular, and style into two branches stigma.
Source
Tree very common in Europe (except in the northern regions); ssp. Alba L. ssp co-erulea (Sm.) Rech. Fil., Ssp. Vitellina (L.) Arcangeli and ssp. Micans (N. J. Andersson) Rech. fil ... This last is specific to Greece [723].
Chemical composition
The bark of the willow is rich in polyphenolic compounds: tannins Catechists in variable quantity, glycosides of simple phenols, acids, phenols and flavonoids: isoquercitrósido, (+) and (-)-5-glucosil naringetol, isosalipurpósido [724].
Glocer phenols. The total heterósidos content varies from 1 to 12% depending on the species, not to be the S. Alba species richest [725,726], the content also varies depending on the age of the tree [734]. The components most frequently cited are the salicósido (also known as salicin, is the glycoside of salicylic alcohol or phenol 2-hydroxymethyl), and their esters, salicortina, phenolic glycoside majority (of an acid derived alcohol ciclohexenónico), tremuloidina (2'- Zoila salicósido-ben), fragilina (6'-acetyl salicósido), populina (6'-benzoyl salicósido), tremulacina (2'-benzoyl salicortina) and 2'-acetyl salicósido. Other compounds are generally found in low concentrations derivatives at C6-C3: triandrina (p-glucoside alcohol hidroxifenilpropenílico), grandidentatina (not always found [727]), rubber [728], vimalina (methoxy-triandrina) or C6-C1: spruce (p-glucoside of Hydroxyacetophenone).
The sheets of white willow have a very similar in phenolic glycosides contain condensed tannins and numerous flavonoids [729].
Pharmacological data
The salicósido can be regarded as a prodroga which is metabolized (slowly in physiological conditions) in salicylic alcohol (saligenol) in bowel and, after its absorption, the latter is oxidized to salicylic acid, 730,735]. The properties of the bark of willow are the derivatives of Salicylic: inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis by irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase, these compounds are acting in anti-phase of inflammation (inhibition of increased capillary permeability, reduced the migration of polynuclear), antipyretics (but not hipotermizantes), slightly analgesic action by both central and peripheral platelet aggregation inhibitors [731732736].
Observations on man
Although the bark of willow did not appear to have been subjected to clinical studies, the activity of salicylates synthesis has led to myriad research that shows that their activity and allow their conditions of employment (see the specialist works of Clinical Pharmacology). Some studies require that the bioavailability of the extracts of willow is not proportional to the dose of ingested salicylates [735]. These fluctuations in salicilemia are also in the synthesis products [736].
Employment
As for other drugs with salicylates, the bark of willow leaf recommended in the symptomatic treatment of painful joints demonstrations minors. As in the case of NSAID use is warranted in cases of myalgia, arthralgia, chronic reumatoides demonstrations ... While the side effects of Salicylic are well known [731st, 731b, 736], there was no acute or chronic toxicity to this drug [738].
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant against the fever. In addition to anti-inflammatory and anti-how.
Precautions
Allergy or intolerance to salicylates.
The drug
The bark of white willow comes in irregulars coriaceous snippets but flexible. The outer surface is gray ash, the inner surface brownish, smooth or finely striate. The court is brittle, odorless, bitter taste. Microscopically observed a very thin suber with cells that have only the outside walls and radial thickened, a cortical parenchyma with esclerificadas cells and fibers surrounded by prisms of calcium oxalate. The test is not enough to botanical distiguir species and subspecies of willow, which are often hybridized. Therefore, it is considered indispensable to a study (TLC, HPLC) of phenolic glycosides [726, 733, 734].
Other species, much richer in heterósidos, are used in different countries [737].
Bibliography
[723] K.H. RECHINGER, Salix. In: Flora Europaea, T.G. Tutin,
V.H. Heywood, N.A. BURGOS, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M WAL -
Ters and D.A. WEBB, ed., Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, p.
41-54, 1964.
[724] G. WILLUHN
Weidenrinde. In: Teedrogen, Ein-Handbuch fur die Praxis auf
Wissenschaftlicher Grundlage-(2nd ed.) M. WICHTL, ed., Stuttgart
Garten, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, pp. 516-518,
1988.
[725] H. Thieme
Die Phenolglykoside der Salicaceae
Planta Med., 13, 431-438, 1965.
[726] B. MEIER, O. Stich and A. BETTSCHART
Weidenrinden-Qualität. Gesamtsalicinbestimmung in Weiden -
Weidenpräparäten yield und mit HPLC
Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg., 125, 341-347, 1985.
[727] C.P. EGLOFF
Phenolglykoside einheimischer Salix-Artena
Thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, No. 7138, Zu -
rich, 1982.
[728] V. PLOUVIER
Recherche et répartition du syringoside of skimmine, d'hé
térosides coumariniques voisins et du loganoside dans quel -
parks groups Botanique.
C.R. Acad. Sci., III, 305, 183-186, 1987.
[729] C. KARL, G. MÜLLER and P.A. PEDERSEN
Flavonoid aus Salix alba. Die Struktur des Terniflorins und ei -
tions Weitere Acylflavonoides
Phytochemistry, 15, 1084-1085, 1976.
[730] B. MEIER
SALICYLATE in einheimischen Arzneipflanzen
Journal of Pharmacie Suisse-Schweiz. Apoth .- Ztg., 126, 725 --
733, 1988.
[731] (a) Association of Teachers of Pharmacologie
Course National pharmacologie, Paris, Ellipse, 1987.
(b) L. CHAUVELOT-MOACHON, H. BROUILHET and J.P. GI -
Rouda
Anti.inflammatoires non stéroïdiens. In: Pharmacologie Clini -
that the basis of Thérapeutiques, 2nd ed. J.P. Giroud, G. MATH
and G. MEYNIEL, ed., Paris, Expansion scientifique française, pp.
709-742, 1988
[732] D. RICHARD, P. BASCHARD and R. MALINEAU
Les prostaglandins: from the pharmacologie á Thérapeutiques.
1ère partie: structure, biosynthése, activité.
Act. Pharm., (211), 59-66, 1984.
[733] B. MEIER, D. LEHMANN, O. Stich and A. BETTSCHART
SALICYLATE in Arzeipflanzen. Screening Method (HPLC, DC)
zum nachweis
Dtsch. Apoth.-Ztg., 127, 2401-2407, 1987.
[734] R. JULKUNEN-TITO
Chemotaxonomical screening of Phenolic glycosides in north -
Hern willow twigs by capillary gas Chromatography.
J. Chromatogr., (324) 129-139, 1985.
[735] R. PENTZ, H.G. BUSSE, R. KÖNIG and C.-P. SIEGERS
Bioverfügbarkeit von Salicylsäure und aus einem Coffein-PHY
toánalgetischen Kombinationspräparat.
Z. für Phytother., 10, 92-96, 1989.
[736] A. DE LARA COHEN
L `aspirin in the traitemet des rhumatismes inflammatories
in 1987.
Revue du Praticien, 37, 2493-2499, 1987.
[737] R. JULKUNEN-TIITTO
Phenolic constituents of Salix: a survey of chemotaxonomic
Finnish further species
Finnish further species
[738] White Sauce, toxicological dossier Laboratories ARKOPA -
[738] White Sauce, toxicological dossier Laboratories ARKOPA -
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Inflammation
Arthritis
Muscle cramps
Rhinitis