This evergreen shrub with upright stems and branching air. The leaves are small scales and in their armpits filóclados emerging in the form of leaves lanceloladas-oval, finishing with the spine. The flowers, dioecious, trimer, are inserted into the top of the filóclados. The fruit is a berry red.
Source
Common from the Atlantic to central and southern Europe, but at altitudes below 700 m, also located in southwest Asia and north Africa. It is found in the forest, bush, hedges, and especially in limestone areas.
Chemical composition
It has been described trivial components: dare, phytosterols, fatty acids, flavonoids, acid crisofánico [335]. The rhizome also contains benzofurans: euparona and ruscodibenzofurano [336], ruscobenzoxepina [347] and essential oil. Taking into account their biological properties, the main interest is in the saponosides.
• Essential oil. The content is small (3 ml per 50 kg) and the composition complex has more than 200 components of which 30 are in proportion higher than 1% in the essential oil. Also present are aliphatic hydrocarbons (eg heneicosano, pentacosano), geraniato methacrylate and numerous non-specific substances terpénicos [337].
• Saponósidos. The content is difficult to assess. The lots have a richer content of approximately 8%. Hydrolysis total of saponosides provides 2 Genina steroid espirostánicas: the ruscogenina (derived hydroxylated in the diosgenin 1ß) and neoruscogenina, which differs from the previous one being replaced on 25 for a methyl methylene exo, the configurations of the other centers Asymmetric are identical. Heterosídica union is established by the hydroxyl in position 3. The main prosapogenina is the [al-ramnopiranosil (1? 2) al-arabinopiranosil] -1 - O-neorruscogenina [338].
Pharmacological data
The reputation of the diuretic RUSCO could not be confirmed experimentally: Tests carried out by managing to extract a dog and other more recent saponosides which are administered to rats, showed a slight nitroúrica activity and a decrease in urine volume.
Activity venotónica
The extract of RUSCO (0,4-0,6 mg / ml) has an impact constrictor on a piece of saphenous vein isolation. The clamping the femoral vein of dog shows that this extract is opposed to the relaxation of venous network after an overload. The saponosides, administered per os, exert an effect at the cutaneous vasoconstrictor. The mechanism is an action-adrenergic (inhibited by phentolamine) that is exerted on the receivers to post-synaptic (persists after chemical sympathectomy) [339,340], the action is dependent on temperature [339,341].
Anti-inflammatory activity. The extract of RUSCO (ip, rat, 100-300 mg / kg) decreases so important and lasting edema caused by injection of kaolin plant in the cavity. The effects of the extract (278 mg / kg, via the rectum) are more intense than those of fenibultazona (via rectal, 180 mg / kg) and substantially identical to those of the same product via ip (165 mg / kg) [342]. Also, there is an activity on at the peritonitis rat.
Observations on the Man
There have been numerous studies in order to highlight the interest of the preparations of RUSCO in the field of venous insufficiency. Which wants to be the reluctance to find the concept of venous insufficiency, a double-blind study has shown that the fluid extract of the drug, associated with ascorbic acid and hesperidin metilchalcona, prescribed for a period of 28 days, significantly improves symptoms Functional and values plethysmograph in venous insufficiency of the lower limbs [343,345]. Other studies point out the advantages of these preparations in the treatment of the efficiency-hemorrhoid crisis is revealed to the top of rutoside, typically used in these types of symptoms [344] - and in the premenstrual syndrome and venous disorders caused by intake of oral contraceptives or pregnancy.
Employment
The ruscogeninas used in proctología, mainly in case of hemorrhoidal anitis (ointments, suppositories). Extracts RUSCO are part of the composition of specialties allopathic (capsules, ampoules, creams, suppositories). These specialties, which associates the venous RUSCO other protectors, are proposed in the treatment of symptoms related to inadequate venolinfática: heavy legs, paresthesia, cramps, edema, as well as in the treatment of the signs associated with functional hemorrhoidal crisis. In phytotherapy, dust criomolido total, the nebulised and other forms (other than herbal teas and extracts the liquid-water) are also used for this indication. The toxicity of the extract is moderate (lethal dose of 1.2 g / kg, iv, in the dog).
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for venous insufficiency, feeling of heavy legs, edema, varicose veins and hemorrhoids.
The drug
The result is presented in fragments gnarled, articulated its outer surface of yellowish gray fitted with rings quite close to each other. In a court, the rhizome shows a polygonal cells with cortical region, a endodermis cells with thick walls and a woody parenchyma similar to asparagus. Has described the experimental conditions of HPLC for the valuation of ruscogeninas in complex media (raw extracts and pharmaceutical preparations [346]).
Bibliography
[335] M.A. ELSOHLY, J.E. KNAPP, D.J. Slatkin, P.L. SCHIFF Jr., N.J. DOORENBOS and M.W. Quimby
Constituents of Ruscus aculeatus
Lloydia, 38, 106-108, 1975.
[336] M.A. ELSOHLY, D.J. Slatkin, J.E. KNAPP, N.J. DOORENBOS, M.W. Quimby, P.L. SCHIFF Jr., E.M. Gopalakrishnan and W.H. WATSON
Ruscodibenzofuran a new dibenzofuran from Ruscus aculeatus L. (Liliaceae)
Tetrahedron, 33, 1711-1715, 1977.
[337] H. Brevard
Modes of mass spectrometry et d'ionisation appliqués à l'étude de l'essential oils of Ruscus aculeatus L.
Doctoral Thesis of the Sciences (Chemistry option), Nice, 1985.
[338] H. POURRAT, J.L. LAMAISON, J.C. GRAMAIN and R. REMUSON
Isolement et confirmation of the structure by NMR du 13C of the main prosapogénine of Ruscus aculeatus L.
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 40, 451-458, 1982.
[339] Anonyme
Ruscus aculeatus effects of the fiber musculaire lisse south of paroi
[340] G. MARCELON, T.J. VERBEUREN, H. LAURESSERGUES and P. VANHOUTTE
Effect of Ruscus aculeatus on isolated Canine cutaneous veins
Gen. Pharmac., 14, 103-106, 1983.
[341] G. RUBANYI, G. MARCELON and P.M. VANHOUTTE
Effect of temperature on the responsiveness of cutaneous veins to the extract of Ruscus aculeatus
Gen. Pharmac., 15, 431-434, 1984.
[342] L. Chevillard, M. RANSON and B. SENAULT
Activité anti-inflammatoire d'extracts of Fragon épineux (Ruscus aculeatus L.)
Méd. Pharmacol. Exp., 12, 109-114, 1965.
[343] Y. SENTOU, M.F. BERNARD-Fernie, J.-P. DEMAREZ, D. LAURENT and J. Cauquil
Symptomatologie et pléthysmographie: perallélisme obtained lors des résultats d'un traitement par CYCLO 3 of patients Porteus insufficient veineuse d'une chronique (study in doublY. SENTOU, MF-BERNARD Fernie, J.-P. DEMAREZ, D. and J LAURENT . Cauquil
[344] J.P. BAUJAT, J.P. DEMAREZ, M.-F. BERNARD-Fernie, D. LAURENT and J. Cauquil
Thérapeutiques anti-hémorroïdaire. Etude comparée de l'activité et des rutosides of CYCLO 3
Gazette Médicale de France, 91, (29), 111-113, 1984.
[345] R. HATS, M. Nicor and T. PERRI
Use of extract of Ruscus aculeatus in venous disease in the lower limbs
Drugs Exptl. Clin. Res., 14, 277-283, 1988.
[346] W. Bertani and G.P. FORNI
HPLC determination of ruscogenin and neoruscogenin in raw material ( "ruscogenins") and pharmaceutical preparations
Phytotherapy, 55, 101-104, 1984.
[347] P. Delaveau Fragon
Act. Pharm., (252), 33-34, 1988.
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Iinsuficiencia venous
Varices
Hemorrhoids
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