The flowers of this plant are climbing a crown of appendices petaloides filamentary and located on a androginóforo, 5 anthers with orange stamens and an ovary unilocular with 3 carpels and a style with three branches estigmático widened.
Source
All species of the genus are tropical or subtropical. Originally from Brazil and Peru, the official species is common in southern United States, as well as in Mexico and the Bahamas [110]. It can be grown in any part of the Mediterranean basin.
Chemical composition
Many components have been isolated. Some are mundane: dare, amino acids, phytosterols, umbeliferona, acids, phenols, escopoletol [110]. The heterósidos cianogenéticos (characteristic of the genus) are certainly represented by the ginocardina [111].
Substances that might be involved in the activity fall into three groups:
• Alkaloids: Derived from the ß-carbolinas, are hardly abundant (less than 0.03%). The harmano, the majority, is accompanied by similar derivatives but did not seem consistent [112]: harmol, AdrianSuSE and their counterparts dihydrogen, harmalol and harmalina.
• Flavonoids: It is almost solely of mono-C-glucosil flavones: vitexina (8-C-beta-D-glucosil apigenol), orientina (8-C-beta-D-glucosil-luteolol) and its isomers in 6 and di-C glucosil flavones: saponarina [112], 2-lucenina [113], 2-vicenina [114]; have also been isolated from the drug SAFTA, the isosaftósido well as the C-bios heterosídicos (glycosides in 2 the isovitexina and the isoorientina) [114,115].
• maltol: This pyrone (2-methyl-3-hydroxy-pyrone) is present in very low: 0.05% [116].
Pharmacological data
What components should be attributed to the activity sedative drugs and shown in various experiments on animals? [119] and [124]. The answer is not clear. Many works cited alkaloids: this is contradictory to what is known about the central stimulant properties of beta-carbolinas due to its interactivity with the recipients of benzodiazepines [117], also known hallucinogenic properties of the AdrianSuSE and activity MAO inhibitor of beta-tetrahydro carbolinas. In the mouse, maltol exerts a depressive effect on the spontaneous motor activity (inhibition of 50% at a dose of 75 mg / kg) and power clearly the duration of sleep induced by hexobarbital (DE 300 to 500 mg / kg) besides being anticonvulsant.
It is a question: Is the concentration of this compound is sufficient to explain the activity of the drug?. Is unlikely. It would therefore be necessary to consider a synergy between different compounds. This hypothesis [112] is reinforced by the work carried out on a pharmacological extract of P. alata Aiton [118] that contains flavonoids and alkaloids.
Observations on the Man
Have been very few published studies. We must draw a double-blind study conducted in a partnership based on plant extracts that show very clearly their interest to ensure a long sleep and a decrease in anxiety without drowsiness [120]. Delaveau reported on the results of a survey carried out in outpatient medicine that seems to confirm the interest of the pasiflora as neurosedante [121].
Employment
The pasiflora is widely used: the extract is part of the composition of the specialties allopathic proposals in the symptomatic treatment of states neurotónicos of adults and children and cardiac disorders ERET (palpitations). This specialty associated forms of galenical pasiflora to those of other "tranquilizers" or "cardiosedantes" plant valerian, hawthorn Albar, and so on. The drug is also used in specialized nature of spasmolytic.
The widely used herbal cannabis: infusions, criomolturados, nebulised. It has not been identified until now, one side effect (the content carbolinas is negligible) [119] for this drug that would - according to their prescribers - get a good sedative, a dream of quality and an easing of distress, without iatrogenic risk. In Spain, authorizing the use of this plant for the treatment of anxiety, emotion, nervousness, stress, insomnia.
Precautions
May be somewhat reduced ability to drive and to control heavy machinery.
The drug
The stem, woody, grayish, sometimes purple, owns leaves alternate, petiolated long, divided into three lobes acute (6-8 x 2-3 cm) and with finely toothed pubescent nerves. The tendrils, inserted into the armpits of the leaves are thin and smooth.
The petiole has two dark nectar glands. The fakes are more common with other species of the genus: P. edulis Sims. (the "fruit of passion") and P. coerulea L., ornamental species acclimated in our gardens. The first kind is clearly toothed leaves on the edges of the blade, the second is pentalobulada. Microscopic examination, as well as a study in CCF of the flavonoids [110] ensures the identification of the drug. Can be quantitatively assess the major components, especially through the technique of high-performance liquid chromatography [[122], 123].
Bibliography
[110] T. BRASSEUR and L. ANGENOT.
Contribution à l'étude pharmacognostique of Passiflore.
J. Pharm. Belg., 39,15-22, 1984.
[111] E.S. Olafsdottir, Villegas ANDERSEN J. et JAROSZEWSKI.
Cyanohydrin glycosides of Passifloraceae.
Phytochemistry, 28127-132, 1989; see also: KC SEGLER et D.S. Seigle, Gynocardin from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med., 50, 356-357, 1984.
[112] J. LUTOMSKI, E. SEGIET, K. and K. SZPUNAR GRISSA.
Die Bedeutung der Passionsblüme in der Zeit our Heikunde in Pharmazie, 10, 45-49, 1981.
[113] C. CONGORA, A. and J. PROLIAC RAYNAUD.
Isolement et deux identification of glucosyl-lutéolines mono-C-substitutes and the diglucosyl-6 ,8-lutéoline di-C substituée tiges dans les feuilles of Passiflora incarnata.
Helv. Chim Acta, 69, 251-253, 1986.
[114] H. GEIGER and K.R. MARKHAM.
The C-glycosylflavone pattern of Passiflora incarnata L.
Z. Naturforsch, 41c, 949-950, 1986.
[115] A. PROLIAC and J. RAYNAUD.
O-glucosyl-2 "- C-glucosyl-6 apigénine of Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae).
Pharm. Acta Helv., 63, 174-175, 1988.
[116] N. Aoyagi, R. KIMURA and T. MURATA.
Studies on Passiflora incarnata dry extract: I. Isolation of maltol and pharmacological action of maltol and ethylmaltol.
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 22, 1008-1013, 1974.
[117] W.E. MÜLLER, K.I. FEHSKE, H. O. Borba, U. WOLLERT, C. Teaching and H. ROMMELSPACHER.
On the neuropharmacology of harmane and other ß-carbolinas.
Pharmacol. Biochem. and Behav., 14, 693-699, 1981; see also: D. BIDET et al., L'actualité chimique, 17-30, 1984; H. ROMMELSPACHER et al. Europ. J. Pharmacol., 70, 409-416, 1981; C. PIERARD them ß-carbolinas d'origine naturelle et leur biological interest, Thèse dr. Pharm. (S.D.), Paris V, 1984.
[118] S. OGA, P.C.D. DE FREITAS, A.C. GOMES DA SILVA and S. HANADA.
Pharmacological trials of crude extract of Passiflora alata.
Planta Med., 50, 303-306, 1984. South P. alata: ULUBELEN A. et al., J. Nat. Prod., 45, 783, 1982.
[119] D. BIZET and F. ROUBAUDI.
The Passiflore, Passiflora incarnata L. Passifloracées.
Phytotherapy, (26), 22-24, 1988.
[120] G.B. CAVAZUTTI.
Pharmacologique Etude d'une clinique et d'GABOB association of plant extracts used having chez l'enfant et des troubles du du sommeil behavior.
Clin. ter., 51, 15-29, 1969.
[121] P. Delaveau. The Passiflore. Act. Pharm., (227), 1985.
[122] H. WAGNER, G. TITTEL and S. BLADT.
Analyze standardisicrung und von Arzneidrogen und Phytopräparaten durch Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) und andere chromatographische Verfahren.
Disch-Apoth Zig., 123, 515-521, 1983.
[123] P. Piette, E. WAY & P. CEVA.
Isocratic liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous of Passiflora incarnata L. Crataegus monogyna and flavonoids in drugs.
J. Chromatogr., (357) 233-238, 1986.
[124] E. SPERONI and A. Minghetti.
Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata.
Planta Med., 54, 488-489, 1988.
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Insomnia
Stress and depression
Nervous spasm
Premenstrual syndrome
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