This plant bisanual recognized by their large flowers pentacyclic, tetramer with notched petals, yellow stamens with obdiplostémonos with gynoecium tetralocular that leads to a housing loculicida that contains many seeds exalbuminadas.
Source
The genre is originally from North America, but different species have colonized the coastal areas, estuaries and many other areas of light and sandy soils. The onagra come from crops, particularly in the UK, for seed production [424].
Chemical composition
Onagra seed contains about 15% protein, 24% oil, 40% fiber (cellulose and lignin) and lecithins. The mineral residue contains a high concentration of calcium [425]. The main interest of this drug lies in its oil rich in essential fatty acids called (AGE), as its lack causes numerous disorders.
The main oil fatty acids are as follows (media content): palmitic acid (7-10%), stearic acid (1,5-3,5%), oleic acid (6-11%), linoleic acid (65 -- 80%), acid?-Linolenic acid (8-14 %)... The content of unsaponifiable (<2%) varies little with regard to the cotton seed oil (mainly ß-sitosterol and citrostadienol). O. biennis is not the kind that produces more quantity of acid?-linolenic acid, and even some species do not contain [427]. The acid?-Linolenic acid (= acid octadeca-6 ,9,12-trienóico) is an acid C18 with three double bonds in Z configuration, followed as a matter diénico-1, 4, which at times was appointed in Publications in physiology, under the name of C18: 3 (n-6) ( "family? -6").
In younger men, the acid?-Linolenic acid is formed by the delta-6-desaturasa (A-6D) from linoleic acid produced by the food; the broker is obligated to acid-di-homo?-Linolenic acid [C20: 3 (n-6)] and arachidonic [C20: 4 (n-6)] (the latter also is part brought on by food: eggs, liver).
Pharmacological data
It is known that A.G.E. are precursors of eicosanoid (prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotrienes) and components of the phospholipids in the cell membrane to ensure its smooth thanks to the curvature of the molecule "poly-cis." The gap in A.G.E. is accompanied by skin disorders (eczematous lesions, erythema), growth retardation, hipoagregabilidad platelet, altering the synthesis of PGE1. It is also estimated that some factors reduce the activity of the A-6-desaturasa: liver failure, hipoinsulinemia, senescence, dietary imbalances, alcoholism, malnutrition, etc ... [426,428,429]. If the contribution of linoleic acid in the daily ration is essential, the acid?-Linolenic allowed to act as a short circuit in the ceiling which is the stage in 6 desaturation, make-acid via di-homo?-Linolenic-the immediate precursor of PGE1 and thus avoid the imbalance PgE1/PgE2 (since the latter continue to be synthesized in part from exogenous arachidonic acid), which would result in imbalance in certain manifestations observed in case of shortage AGE
Observations on the Man
There have been several clinical studies, which are certainly limited, others in the face of double-blind placebo in order to realize the interests of the Evening primrose oil in many pathologies. The results are excellent in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome [430,431] and breast pain (identical to the effect of bromocriptine) [432]. Other tests have also shown, the interest of the Evening primrose oil in sclerosis [433], schizophrenia [434], atopic eczema [435,436], rheumatoid arthritis [437] and even in diabetic neuropathy [438].
As the acid?-Linolenic acid can be absorbed through percutaneous (Wepierre), have proposed a number of dermatological applications. The safety of the overdose of polyunsaturated fatty áciácidos (easily peroxidase), without making a concomitant of antioxidants, has yet to be proven.
Employment
The Evening primrose oil is part of the composition of many cosmetic products. It is also in the form of capsules. These formulas are used to treat diseases associated with lack of unsaturated fatty acids: premenstrual syndrome, atopic eczema, skin aging. Some authors propose the use of Evening primrose oil in the treatment of multiple sclerosis or schizophrenia.
The drug
The control of seed onagra is that of all drugs with oil. The oil content can be assessed by extraction with hexane and gravimetry. The physical findings (relative density, refractive index, viscosity) and chemical (acidity levels of iodine, Froth, peroxide) can be supplemented by quantitative assessment of the unsaponifiable and investigation of forgery. The analysis of the A.G. it is very easy through C.G. (GC) of methyl esters, this same technique, if necessary, a detailed analysis of unsaponifiable. The use of C.C.F. (thin layer chromatography) plates soaked in silver nitrate, the GC (gas chromatography) and the HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) to identify and assess the triglyceride oil.
Bibliography
[424] A. LACOMBE. O. QUENOT. P. GRIGNAC, J. GRAILLE, M. PINA and P. GARNIER
Tentative de production d'acide gamma-linolénique par la culture de l'Onagre (Oenothera genre)
Oléagineux, 40, 35-40, 1985.
[425] B.J.F. HUDSON
Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) Oil and seed
J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 61, 540-543, 1984
[426] J. PACCALIN, H. DABADIE, M. BERNERD, F. Mendy, D. Spielmann and N. Delhaye
Intérêt d'une nouvelle plant oilcrops: l'Onagre (Oenothera biennis or lamarckiana). Input in acid and gamma-linolénique troubles in the désaturation pathologie.
Méd. et Nutr., J. PACCALIN, H. DA
[427] M. PINA, J. GRAILLE, P. GRIGNAC, A. LACOMBE, O. QUENOT and P. GARNIER
Recherche d'Oenothera acid rich in gamma-linolénique
Oléagineux, 39, 593-596, 1984
[428] H. PACCALIN, F. Mendy, M. BERNARD, N. Delhaye and D. Spielmann
Redécouverte d'une plant oilcrops: l'Oenothera biennis. Intérêt de l'acide gamma-linolénique in nutrition
Bull. Acad. Nat. Méd., 167, 923-931, 1983
[429] H. BECKER
Das Öl der Nachtkerze Oenothera biennis, therapeutisch und eine Quelle diätetish interesting Fettsäuren.
Z. für Phytother, 4, 531-536, 1983
[430] J. PUOLAKKA, L. MÄKÄRÄINEN, L. VIINIKKA and O. YLIKORKALA
Biochemical and clinical effects of treating the premenstrual syndrome with prostaglandin synthesis precursors.
J. Reprod. Med., 30, 149-153, 1985
[431] D.F. Horrobin
The role of essential fatty acids and prostaglandins in the premenstrual syndrome.
J. Reprod. Med., 28, 465-468, 1983
[432] J.K. Pye, R.E. MANSEL and L.E. HUGHES
Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia Lancet, 2, 373-377, 1985
[433] D.F. Horrobin and M. S. MANKU
Essential fatty acids in clinical medicine.
Nutrition and Health, 2, 127-134, 1983
[434] A. SOULAIRAC, H. LAMBINET and J.C. NEUMAN
Schizophrenia and prostaglandins: Thérapeutiques effects of precursors for their synthesis of sous forme d'huile d'Onagre (Oenothera).
Ann. Med. Psychol. 141, 883-891, 1983
[435] M.S. MANKU, D.F. Horrobin, N.L. MORSE, S. WRIGHT and J.L. BURTON
Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema.
Effects of altering dietary essential fatty acids on requirements for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind placebo controlled study.
Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 47, 96-104, 198J
[438] G.A. JAMAL H. CARMMICHAEL., Ä.Ï.Ó Wier.
Gamma linolenic acid in diabetic neuropathy.
Lancet, 1098, 1986.
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Menopause
ProductosList of Products of HIPERnatural.COM with :
