Sinuous tree trunk, leaves opposite, persistent, whole and coriaceous. Flowers actinomorphic with perianth tetramer and ovoid fruit drupa in bone-hard monoseminado, which contains mesocarp (when ripe) 50% lipids.
Source
The olive tree, for some "symbol fitoclimáticas position eumediterráneas of" unknown status in spontaneous. It is believed that began grown in Syria, Palestine: plants that have spontaneously returned to their state have given rise to different taxa, particularly the oleastro [306].
Chemical composition
The olive leaf contains minerals (calcium), neutral lipids, and phospho glucolípidos, triterpenes (oleanólico acid and its derivative 2-a hydroxylated), flavonoids (rutoside, monkey gods and flavones [307]). The presence of alkaloids has yet to be confirmed.
The activity of the drug is related to the heterósidos of Genina heterocyclic: the secoiridoides. These, and in particular the secologanósido-its precursor, just keep the cycle pyran kernel cyclopenta [c] pyran iridoides the strict sense. The compound oleuropeósido-Main-group is the diester in methanol (11) and 3,4-dihydroxy Phenethyl (7) of oleósido, glucoside secoiridoide dicarboxylic [sometimes described, erroneously, as an ester, see note 2 at 309] . Appears accompanied by dimethyl-oleuropeósido, dimethyl ester oleósido and ligstrósido (4-hydroxy ester-Phenethyl). Have been isolated from aldehyde not heterosídicos [308]. It has published the structure of oleurósido, ester dihydroxy-3, 4 Phenethyl of dry-logan [309].
Pharmacological data
The hypotensive action of tea or leaves decoctions based on olive were first confirmed in humans and later in dog and rat. In 1972, Petkov et al. [317] showed that the oleuropeósido, administered iv the dog hypertension, causes a significant and prolonged decline in blood pressure. Both this compound as an extract of leaves, administered orally, in normotensive and hypertensive rats, are involved antihipertensora and glaucoma [312]. On the other hand, the oleuropeósido increases coronary flow and left intraventricular pressure on the isolated rabbit heart [319].
The oleuropeósido is also spasmolytic: in the stomach of rats, the oleuropeósido antagonized in a non-competitive action contracturante cumulative dose of acetylcholine in the fundus of the stomach of rats. It is a receptor antagonist of PGE2.
Other activities have been identified as yet unproven scientifically: action on blood glucose, hyperthermia, urine output. Recently [313], it was attributed antiulcer properties related to the presence of acid oleanólico. This, and its salts are orally active.
Observations on the Man
Most of the comments in the press are old: they may include those of Mazet (1938), who asserts that the long-term treatment with a decoction of leaves, previously stabilized, leading to a normalization of blood pressure. Other studies [314] come to similar conclusions. A preliminary study has shown that the drug spray adimistrada a dose of 1 or 2 g / day lowers cholesterol significantly, from 15-day variation with a favorable lipoprotein (LDL cholesterol reduction and increased HDL).
Employment
A former study, very partial, mentions the absence of acute toxicity of total extract of the leaves of olive administered to guinea pig. Recent work has also demonstrated the safety of the oleuropeósido. Its traditional use as febrífugo has been abandoned by the phytotherapeutic, those who defend the properties hypotensive confirmed in animal treatment of disorders associated with hypertension, prevention of atherosclerosis. The forms are used infusion, the extract of leaves of nebulized stabilized, dust sheets criomolido. There have been no cases of contraindications. Tests have shown the drug spray the absence of acute and subacute toxicity in rat [320].
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for mild circulatory disorders. Adjunct in the treatment of hypertension. Diuretic.
The drug
The Olive Leaf is simple, subsessile, lanceolate (3-5 x 1-1.5 cm), hard edges are rolled on drying. The top surface of the blade is gray green, the bottom is covered with fine hairs that flow easily with the friction and give it a soft, whitish appearance. Observed under a microscope, the two are very cutinizadas epidermis: the lower epidermis is covered with trichomes Pelto with cells, arranged radially around a central foot. The test includes physical-chemical characterization of acid oleanólico in an ether extract and an analysis by CCF maceration ethanolic a [316]. It has been developed by analyzing high-performance liquid chromatography of oleuropeósido and other compounds [318] present in the fruit.
A chemotaxonomic survey of flavonoids in leaves of the Oleaceae.
Bot. J. of the Linnean Soc., 81, 155-167, 1980.
[308] P. Gariboldi, G. JOMMI and L. VEROTTA
Secoiridoids from Olea europaea.
Phytochemistry, 25, 865-869, 1986.
[309] H. KUWAJIMA, T. UEMURA, K. TAKAISHI, K, and H. INOUE INOUE
A secoiridoid GLUCOSIDE from Olea europaea
Phytochemistry, 27, 1757-1759, 1988.
[310] G. COMBES and A. Escaut
Nouveau comes from preparing an extract of feuilles d'Olea europaea rich Oleuropein, products obtained, by way of Application médicaments et les compositions renfermant.
Brevet d'invention français No 81-11 606; 12-06-1981) G. COMBES and A. Escaut
New procedures
[311] B. Lasserre, R. KAISER, P.H. Chanh, N. IFANSIYAH, J. Gley and C. MOULIS
Effects on rats of aqueous extracts of plants used in folk medicine as antihypertensive agents.
Naturwissenschaften, 70, 95-96, 1983.
[312] R. A. RIBEIRO, M.M.R. FIUZA DE MELO, F. DE BARROS, C. GOMES and G. TROLIN
Conscious Acute antihypertensive effect in rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 15, 261-269, 1986.
[313] Brevet d'invention européen No 93 250, 1983 cited by C. MEUNIER, La feuille d'olivier, Olea europaea L, Thèse of Doctorat in Pharmacie, (Diplôme d'Etat), Paris IX, 1986. [literature collection].
[314] J. PELLECUER
L'Olivier, Olea europaea L. (Oléacées). Medicinal plants d'actualité.
Act. Pharm., (215), 27-30, 1984.
[315] D. WEBER
Contribution à l'étude de l'action of the antihypertensive feuille d'olivier: l'Oleuropein, Prince antihypertenseur assets. Thèse de l'Universite de Montpellier, (Mention Pharmacie), Montpellier, 1983.
[316] Pharmacopée française, X ed ..
[317] V. PETKOV and P. MANOLOV
Pharmacological analysis of the Orange County oleuropeine.
Arzneim .- Forsch., 22, 1476-1486, 1972.
[318] M.-J. AMIOT, A. FLEURIET and J.-J. MACHEIX
Importance and evolution of Phenolic compounds in olive during growth and maturing.
J. Agric. Food Chem., 34, 823-826, 1986.
[319] N. IFANSYAH
Phytochimiques Recherches sur les principes et pharmacologiques active in plants used as traditional medicine in antihypertenseurs. Doctoral Thesis of the third cycle ès Sciences pharmaceutiques, Toulouse, 1982.
[320] Olivier, toxicologique dossier, Travaux des Laboratoires Arkopharma.
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Moderate essential hypertension
Cerebral circulatory failure
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