Herbaceous plant with a rhizome simpodial, ginger has envainantes leaves and flowers zigomorfas grouped in the form of thick spikes. The perianth, bicíclico and trimer, surrounding a androecium reduced to a single fertile stamen and a "labellum" and a gynoecium tricarpelado eusincarpo.
Source
It is not known their presence in spontaneously. Its origin is uncertain: China?, India? [545]. It is grown abundantly in India, Malaysia, China, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Australia. Once harvested it is left to air dry (do not peel).
Chemical composition
The most abundant component is the starch (60%). The smell is due to an essential oil and flavor to a resin.
• Essential oil. Its composition has attracted much work [546]. Its content varies from 1 to 2.5%, having identified nearly a hundred components. The most typical are hydrocarbons, especially Sesquiterpenes:
(-)-a-zingibereno, (-)-ß-sesquifelandreno and (+)-ar-curcumeno, in addition to ß-phellandrene, ß-Bisabolene, canfeno, etc ... The oxygenates are primarily aldehydes (geranial, neral) and alcohol monoterpenes. The composition varies widely depending on the origin [547]
• Resin. The principles "spicy" from the rhizomes are compounds counterparts in overall structure 1 - (4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxy-phenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-Onas reached: the gingeroles ([547] - [548] -, [549] - [550] - [552] - [554] - and [556]-gingeroles), n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 (o [x] = (n +2) = number of carbons in aldehyde consisting of retroaldolización). Appear accompanied by their precursors biogenetic (dehidrogingerdionas and gingerdionas), gingerdioles and their esters, traces of diarilheptanoides [548b]. The sogaoles, products of dehydration (A-4, 5), are not on the rhizome as fresh.
Pharmacological data
Its pharmacological properties are manifested at the gastro-intestinal tract:
Ginger is colagogo, the acetone extract (not the aqueous extract) increases bile secretion in rat (via ip). The division shows that the [550]-gingerol leads to a dose of 100 mg / kg, twice the secretion [550]. The oleoresin is hypercholesterolemic rat [551]. It is also hepatoprotective, preventing the cytotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride or the galactosamina cultures of rat hepatocytes: the [552]-gingerol and [551] - and [552]-sogaoles are the most active compounds [552].
Administered in rats shows antiulcer exert an effect: the acetone extract (1 g / kg per os) and zingibereno (100 mg / kg) significantly inhibit the induction of ulcers by an ethanol solution of hydrochloric acid [553]. In addition, it has been revealed an inhibitory effect on gastric movement [556] and proteolytic activity.
On the other hand, the drug inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins [554] and platelet aggregation [555]. The [550]-gingerol and [550]-sogaol are active on the SNC (anticonvulsants, analgesics and blood pressure are also ...); bradicardizantes [556]. The drug antagonized the deep emesis caused by chemotherapeutic agents in animal managed to fight cancer caused experimentally.
Observations on the Man
In the kinetic treatment of dizziness in a study conducted according to a strict protocol versus placebo, demonstrating the utility Rizoma pulverized in the prevention of dizziness caused by the travel [557]. The intake of 940 mg of powdered drugs, 20-25 minutes before the test (rotating chair), produces excellent results in the prevention of nausea and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Employment
Ginger is a spice very consumed: Ginger Gray (coated), white ginger (uncoated, scraper), prepared ginger (preserved) in syrup, crystallized ... It is part of the composition of beverages, sauces, desserts. The food industry uses the resinoids, obtained from the rhizomes, as flavoring. Since long ago, is enrolled in the Pharmacopoeias india and china. It was introduced in Europe as "stimulating aromatic" and "estomáquico": Some pharmacopoeias retain the use of the tincture of ginger. It is used to prevent nausea caused by travel and vomiting induced by chemotherapy.
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the digestions difficult. Lack of appetite. Dizziness. Protector of the gastric mucosa.
The drug
The rhizome, recorded in several pharmacopoeias foreign branches in a single plane. The outer surface may be gray, rough, wrinkled lengthwise and marked with rings clearly visible (ginger gray) or smooth, light yellow (white ginger). His cross was revealed fibrous and granular. The microscope reveals a amilífero cortical parenchyma with oleoresin cells and do liberoleñosos collateral.
Its importance in food has made it the subject of testing standards [558]. As regards the analysis of the components, the classic study of its essential oil is made using CG, while the whole of its components is done via the usual chromatographic techniques [559].
Bibliography
[545] J.W. PURSEGLOVE, e.g. BROWN, C.L. GREEN and R.J. ROBBINS
[546] B.M. LAWRENCE Progress in essential oils: Ginger oil.
Perfume. Flavor., 13, (8-9), 69-75, 1988.
[547] O. Ekundayo, I. Laakso and R. Hiltunen
Composition of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) volatile oils from Nigeria
Flavor and fragance Journal, 3, 85-90, 1988.
[548] (a) P. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and D.A. Whiting
Studies in the BioSynthesis of [6]-gingerol, pungent principle of ginger (Zingiber officinale).
JCS, Perkin I, 2637-2644, 1980; id., Ibid., 82-87, 1981
(b) D.J. HARVEY
Gas chromatographic and mass Specter (a) - P. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and D.A. Whiting
Studies in the BioSynthesis of [6]-gingerol, pungent principle of ginger (Zingiber officinale).
J.
[549] J. YAMAHA, K. MIKI, T. CHISAKA, T. Sawada, H. Fujimura, T. TOMIMATSU, K. NAKANO and T. NOHARA
Cholagogic effect of ginger and its active constituents
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 13, 217-225, 1985.
[550] J. Giri, T.K.S. DEVI and S. MEERARANI
Effect of ginger on serum cholesterol levels.
Ind. J. Nutr. Diet., 21, 433-436, 1984.
[551] H. HIKINO, Y. Kiso, N. KATO, Y. Hamada, T. SHIOIRI, R. AIYAMA, H. Itokawa, F. KIUCHI and U. SANKAWA
Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols and diarylheptanoids.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 14, 31-39, 1985.
[552] J. YAMAHA, M. Mochizuki, H.Q. RONG, H. And H. MATSUDA FUJIRAMA
The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 23, 299-304, 1988.
[553] F. KIUCHI, M. SHIBUYA and U. SANKAWA
Inhibitors of prostaglandin BioSynthesis from ginger
Chem. Pharm. Bull., 30, 754-757, 1982.
[554] K.C. SRIVASTAVA
Isolation and effects of some ginger components on platelet aggregation and eicosanoid BioSynthesis.
Prontaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine, 25, 187-198, 1986.
[555] (a) N. Shoji, A. IWAS, T. Takemoto, Y. Ishida and Y. OHIZUMI
Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
J. Pharm. Sci., 71, 1174-1175, 1982.
(b) M. SUEKAWA, A. ISHIGE, K. Yuasa, K. SUDO, M. Abura and E. Hosoya.
Pharmacological st (a) - N. Shoji, A. IWAS, T. Takemoto, Y. Ishida and Y. OHIZUMI
Cardiotonic principles of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).
J. Pharm. Sci., 71, 1174-1175, 1982.
(b) - M. SUEKAWA, A. ISHIGE, K.
[556] D.B. MOWREY and S.D. Clayson
Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics
Lancet, 1, 655-657, 1982; see also: A. GRONTVED and E. Hentz, Vertigo-reducing effect of ginger root, a controlled clinical study. ENT, 48, 282-286, 1986. EspasmolítD.B on the action. MOWREY and S.D. Clayson
Motion sickness, ginger, and psychophysics
Lancet, 1, 655-657, 1982; see also: A. GRONTVED and E. Hentz, Vertigo-reducing effect of ginger root, to control.
[557] V.S. GOVINDARAJAN
Ginger. Chemistry, technology and quality evaluation.
