Black currant; al.: Schwarze johannisbeeren; ingl.: Blackcurrant.
Leaf and fruit
The leaves of this shrub are scattered in limbo resinous yellow glands on the underside. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers with sepals pentámeras Velloso, curved, longer than the petals. The ovary infer, unilocular, creates a berry violet crowned by the remains of the calyx.
Source
The genus Ribes is not absent in the Mediterranean and Africa in the Pacific. Ribes nigrum is spontaneous in the northern and central Europe and northern Asia. In France (Burgundy) and in several Central European countries by its fruit is grown food.
Chemical composition
Varies depending on the organ in question:
• Leaf. Contains amino acids, ascorbic acid, acids, phenols (derived benzoic and Cinnamic); 0.02% of essential oil derived mainly consisting of aliphatic and sandy oxygenates [766]; proantocianidoles and flavonoids: rutoside, hyper, isoquercitrósido, 3-glucosil kenferol, 3 galactosylated-miricetol [767th], sakuranetina [767b], astragalina, glucoxilósidos of kenferol and quercetol [767c].
• Fruit. Rich in dare (10-14%), organic acids (citric, malic ..), minerals (potassium) and ascorbic acid, contains many polyphenolic derivatives: flavonoids (rutoside, resulting in glucosyl 3 miricetol and kenferol, isoquercitrósido, quercitrósido ... [768] and anthocyanins (glycosides and ramnoglucósidos in 3 cianidol and delfinidol). The seeds are an interesting source of g-linolenic acid [780].
• Outbreak. The essential oil has been studied [770]: have been described several phenotypes, and there are marked differences between varieties [771]. The flavonoids, which are also found in the outbreaks, they differ little from those of the leaves and fruit: rutoside, glycosides of quercetol and isorramnetol, 3-glucosil and 3-ramnoglucosil miricetol [772].
Pharmacological data
The tradition attached to the leaves hypotensive properties. These have been shown experimentally with high doses administered in cat [773] and were confirmed in normotensive rat, anesthesia, the infusion of 20 g / l (360 mg / kg, iv) decreases up to 45% initial blood pressure [774 ]. The splitting of extracts makes it possible to assign this activity to the total flavonoids, which, moreover, increase the coronary flow and inhibit the biosynthesis of prostaglandins (rabbit heart ex vivo) [767th]. The effect observed in rat salidiurético [773] was not found in other experimental conditions [774].
A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves reduces swelling by carragenatos, rat orally [769].
The result of anthocyanins confer properties angioprotectoras: decreasing the permeability of the capillaries and increase their endurance. The outside of the fruit is spasmolytic (isolated guinea pig ileum) and antidiarreica [779].
Inhibition of degrading enzymes (collagenase [775], elastase [776], peroxidase, etc.). Anthocyanins and by certain flavonoids could, according to some authors justify the anti-inflammatory action attributed to the leaves and shoots.
Observations on the Man
Have not been many studies done in humans. But a randomized trial demonstrated the effectiveness of anthocyanins in the fruits. Those associated with an excerpt from Ruscus reveal significant assets in functional disorders associated with venous insufficiency (pain, edema ...) and on the conjunctival microcirculation explored by capilarografía conjunctival [777]. Other observations show the interest of anthocyanins in proctología, Phlebology and gynecology, and for the improvement of visual acuity.
Employment
The activities traditionally attributed to the road grosellero, leading to the use of herbal preparations in the leaves (tea, powder criomolido, extracts) proposals to encourage the elimination of renal water and to treat the symptoms of painful joints demonstrations minors. The drug has no toxic spray [781]. Traditionally, the fruits have been investigated for the treatment of the manifestations of venous insufficiency and the disorders associated with cutaneous capillary fragility. The anthocyanins are the signs themselves from this type of polyphenol: treating the symptoms of capilarosis of various etiologies, retinal vascular disorders and venous insufficiency. It also uses the glycerin macerate for outbreaks.
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the treatment of painful joints demonstrations. Rheumatism, gout and as a diuretic.
The drug
The leaf is leaf stalk. Limbo, with 3-5 lobes triangular, presents the jagged edges. The lower, more pale that the upper surface, is hairy and covered with resin points for the glands secrete. The nerviaciones, brown, they are very marked. The microscopic examination of the drug pulverized sample fragments of skin and hair with cuticle striped TECTOR in the form of coma and wall warts. You can study the anthocyanins of fruits by classical methods and by DCCC (chromatography drop in the opposite direction) [778].
Bibliography
[765] D.A. WEBB
Grossulariaceae. In: Flora Europaea. T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. BURGOS, D.M. MOORE, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, edit., Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, p. 382-383, 1964.
[766] M. Riita, K. JULKUNEN-Tiit, M.J. Kirsi and T.K. RIMPILÄINEN
Methods of analysis and the aroma composition of some species of Herbal Teas.
Lebensm.-Wiss. u. - Technol., 21, 36-40, 1988; see also:
J. ANDERSSON, R. BOSVIK and E. VON SYDOW
The composition of the essential oil of blackcurrant leaves (Ribes nigrum L.)
J. Sci. Food. Agric., 14, 834-840, 1963.
[767] (a) - P.H. Chanh, N. IFANSYAH, R. Chahine, A. MOUNAYAR-CHALFOUN, J. Gley and C. MOULIS. Comparative effects of total flavonoids extracted from Ribes nigrum leaves, routines and isoquercitrin on BioSynthesis and release of prostaglandins in the ex vivo Rabbit heart.
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Medicine, 22, 295-300, 1996; see also:
N. IFANSYAH, phytochimiques Recherches sur les principes et pharmacologiques active in plants used as traditional medicine in antihypertenseurs, Doctoral Thesis of the third cycle of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toulouse 1982.
(b) - P. ATKINSON and J.P. BLAKEMAN. Seasonal occurrence of an antimicrobial flavanone, sakuranetin, associated with glands on leaves of Ribes nigrum.
New Phytol., 92, 63-74, 1982.
(c) - O. Dire, J. MALINOWSKI and H. STRZELECKA. Flavonoids compounds in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) leaves
Flavonoid glycosides and hydroxycinnamic acid esters of blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum).
Z. Lebensm. Unters.-Forsch., 164, 263-268, 1977; see also: J. LOUSÃ LE, et al., Ann. Pharm. Fr., 33, 393-399, 1989.
[769] C. DECLUME
Anti-inflammatory evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract of blackcurrant leaves (Ribes nigrum)
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 27, 91-98, 1989.
[770] B.M. LAWRENCE
Progress in essential oils: blackcurrant bud oil
Perfume. Flavor., 12 (10-11), 54-58, 1987.
[771] M.F. KERSLAKE and R. C. MENARY.
Varietal differences of extracts from blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L.)
J. Sci. Food Agric., 36, 343-351, 1985.
[772] O. ROLLAND, A.M. BINSARD and J. RAYNAUD
Les hétérosides flavoniques des bourgeons Ribes nigrum
Plantes Méd. Phytother., 11, 222-229, 1977.
[773] E. Racza-KOTILLA and G. Racza
Salidiuretische Wirkung hypotensive und von der Auszug Ribes Blättem
Planta Med., 32, 110-114, 1977.
[774] B. Lasserre, R. KAISER, P.H. Chanh, N. IFANSYAH, J. Gley and C. MOULIS
Effects on rats of aqueous extracts of plants used in folk medicine as antihypertensive agents
Naturwissenschaften, 70, 95-96, 1983.
[775] M. JONADET, M.T. MEUNIER, F. VILLIE, J. and P. BASTIDE
Inhibition of collagene by the extracts of Ribes nigrum and Cupressus sempervirens
J. Pharmacol, 16, 581, 1985.
[776] M. JONADET, M.T. MEUNIER, F. VILLIE, J. and P. BASTIDE and J.L. LAMAISON
Flavonoids extracts from Ribes nigrum L. et d'Alchemilla vulgaris L.
J. Pharmacol., 17, 21-27, 1986.
[777] R. Questel and P. WALRANT
Bilan de l''essai randomized Veinobiase, versus placebo dans l'insufficient veineuse: observation of the microcirculation pair capillarographie conjonctivale
Gaz. Méd.Fr., 90, 508-514, 1983.
[778] G.W. FRANCIS and O.M. ANDERSEN
Droplet counter-current Chromatography of anthocyanins
J. Chromatogr., (283) 445-448, 1984
[779] G. KYEREMATEN and F. SANDBERG
Preliminary pharmacological studies of Pecarin, a new preparation from Ribes nigrum fruits
Acta Pharm., Swedish., 23, 101-106, 1986.
[780] H. TRAITIER, H.J. Wille and A. STUDER
Fractionation of blackcurrants seed oil
J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 65, 755-760, 1988.
[781] black currant, toxicological dossier Laboratories Arkopharma
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Inflammation
Osteoarthritis
Arthritis
Muscle cramps
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