Fumaria, Palomilla, Sangre de Cristo, shoes of the child Jesus; al.: Erdrauch; English: Fumitory.
Aerial florida
Fumaria species of annual herbaceous plants are finely divided leaves, silículas indehiscent and bunches of flowers zigomorfas: 2 sepals petaloides obsolete, 4 pétados divided into two stages, the petal top of the cycle is bulky external and ends in a spur more or less curved.
Source
The genus is common in the northern hemisphere, except in northern areas. The two subspecies [532] F. officinalis (ssp. and Sell officinalis ssp. wirtgenii (Koch) Arcangeli and other indigenous species are species that invade crops.
Chemical composition
Numerous studies have been devoted to this genre because of the importance of their alkaloids. In 1986, 95 compounds were described in 17 of these species [533]. The non-alkaloid compounds are less known: Flucythri-1-ol (= cerílico alcohol), acids in the Krebs cycle (E-butendióico acid or fumaric acid), acids, phenols [534] and flavonoids [535].
• Alkaloids: In indigenous species, the content can vary between 0.15 and 0.30%. Their distribution has been studied and is very [533], so much so that there is a review dedicated to his study [536], in addition, are still conducting studies with this genre [537]. The F. officinalis contains more than twenty alkaloids, from all Aromatic amino acid metabolism: protoberberinas ((-)- canadina), espirobencilisoquinoleínas (fumaricina, fumarilina, etc.). indenobenzacepinas (fumaritridina), abenzofenantridina and protopinas: protopina, criptopina. The protopina, alkaloid majority of F. officinalis, is found in all species studied, with the exception of F. microcarpa (Hausskn) Pugsley. Some authors acknowledge the presence of phthalide secoftalida-and-tetrahidroisoquinoleínas [536], but others do not [533].
Pharmacological data
Animal testing verifies the properties traditionally conferred on colerética the drug and confirms its action "anfocolerética" means Fumaria does not exercise any effect in rats when bile secretion is normal, however when the increases are below the normal values and opposed to a possible increase in the flow [538]. The increase in coleresis is accompanied by a change in the composition of bile [539]. The Fumaria exerts an important role on the gallstones experimentally induced in rats.
Acids alcohols also have an important role in this activity. It also has a spasmolytic action, especially on the sphincter of Oddi [540]; the protopina is responsible for this activity carried on smooth muscle, as well as demonstrate several studies in experimental animals [541].
The protopina is also known for its antihistamine properties, bradicardizantes, hypotensive, bactericides and sedatives [536]. Increase the setting of the GABA receptors in the synaptic membrane of the brain [27].
Observations on the Man
The tests conducted in humans are relatively numerous, but most are quite old. The biological assessment and evaluation of clinical status showed a trend toward improvement in the general signs associated with liver dysfunction (anorexia, asthenia) and migraines. The Fumaria is also interesting for the regulation of intestinal disorders chronic biliary origin (estreñimento, alternating diarrhea or both) [542]. In one trial versus placebo was observed significant efficacy with a success rate above 70% and absence of side effects [543]. All comments posted confirm the interest of the drug in case of dyspepsia and biliary dyskinesias, stone, side effects associated with taking psychotropic substances, etc ...
Employment
Both drugs as their preparations are part of the composition of specialties of "herbal colerética" proposals in the symptomatic treatment of dyspeptic disorders, particularly pain of functional gastrointestinal origin: hichamiento epigastric, slow digestion, aerophagia, flatulence, nausea. Apparently, the drug has no toxicity, there have been no drug interactions or side effects, adapted perfectly to the council pharmacist. The evidence of acute and subacute toxicity in the rat, per os, showed that the powder criomolido no toxic effects [544].
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the hepato-biliary disorders (bad digestion, digestive migraines). Depurative.
The drug
Fumaria officinalis has deeply divided leaves grayish green or tripennatisectas with bi-linear segments. Inflorescence bracts presents shorter than the pedicel. The flowers, pink purple clusters are looser, with the sepals lanceolate, and jagged petals of the upper ends in a spur and a spatula and lower petal that widens in the extreme. The stamens are welded into two groups by the filaments. The silícula is ovoid and has a small depression in the extreme. The number of flowers per inflorescence (> 20 or 10-20) and the size of the sepals (2.5-3.5 or less 2 mm) allows the distinction of the two subspecies officinalis and wirtgenii. The size of the sepals and the shape of the silícula are the main criteria for distinguishing between these species.
Bibliography
[532] P.D. SELL, Fumaria. In: Flora Europaea, T.G. Tutin, V.H. Heywood, N.A. BURGOS, D.H. VALENTINE, S.M. WALTERS and D.A. WEBB, eds., Cambridge University Press, vol. 1, p. 255-258, 1964; see also id., Repeating Feddes, 68, 1963.
[533] P. FORGACS, A. JEHANNO, J. PROVOST, R. Tiberghien and A. TOUCHE
Alkaloids des Papavéracées II: Composition on chimique dix-September species of Fumaria
Pl. Méd. et Phytother., 20, 64-81, 1986; see also: P. FORGACS et al. Ibid., 16, 99-115, 1982.
[534] P. Delaveau Fumeterre
Act. Pharm., (172), 33-34, 1980.
[535] M. TORCK, M. PINKAS and L. BEZANGER-BEAUQUESNE
Les hétérosides flavoniques of Fumeterre.
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 29, 591-595, 1971.
[536] V. PREININGER
Chemotaxonomy of Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae. In: The alkaloids, Chemistry and Pharmacology, A. BROSSI, ed., London, Academic Press, 29, p. 11-98, 1986.
[537] K.W. BENTLEY
b-phenethylamines and the isoquinoline alkaloids
Natural Products Reports, 3, 156-169, 1986.
[538] J. GIROUX, M. Boucard, I. BEAULATONE
Les modificateurs of cholérèse. Doit-on Parler d'amphocholérétique?
Therapy, 21, 889-902, 1966.
[539] M. REYNIER, E. LAGRANGE, J. Haring and M. Vigouroux
Effet du nébulisat of fumeterre of protopine and papaverine on the sécrétion Biliaire du Rat in hypocholérèse
Trav. Soc. Pharm. Montpellier, 37, 73-84, 1977; see also: M. REYNIER et al, ibid.M. REYNIER, E.
[540] E. LAGRANGE & M. AUROUSSEAU
Nébulisat effet du fumeterre south of the Lithia vésiculaire the experimental chez souris
Ann. Pharm. Fr., 31, 357-362, 1973.
[541] L. ÜSTÜNES, G.M. LAEKEMAN, B. GÖZLER, A.J. VLIETINCK, A. Ozer and A.G. HERMAN
In vitro study of the anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of protopine and some derivatives
J. Nat. Prod., 51, 1021-1022, 1988; see also: S.H. HILLAL, E.A. ABOUTABL, L. ÜSTÜNES, G.M. LAEKEMAN, B. GÖZLER, A.J. VLIETINCK, A. Ozer and A.G. HERMAN
In vitro study of the anticholinergic and antihistaminic activities of protopine and some derivatives
J. Nat. Pro.
[27] J. KARDOS, G. Blasko et M. SIMONYI.
Enhancement of g-AMINOBUTYRIC acid receptor binding by protopine type alkaloids.
Arzneim-Forsch., 36, 939-940, 1986.
[542] M. ROUX
Le nébulisat of fumeterre in the regulation of chronic intestinal troubles d'origine Biliaire
Gazette Médicale de France, 84, 3794-3798, 1977.
[543] M. ZACHAREWICZ, W. CHORAZY, S. Mossoro and M. ZACHAREWICZ Jr.
Fumaria Nebulisat in der Behandlung von Gallenwergerkrankungen
