Artichoke common German: Artischoke; English: globe artichoke
Sheet
Perennial plant with leaves no larger thorny, divided into segments lobed: those of the base are pennatipartidas and at the top almost whole. The flowers, tubular, are located on a fleshy receptacle surrounded by fleshy bracts at the base, unfinished tip.
Source
Unknown status in spontaneous, the artichoke is the fruit resulting from the selection and development of the cardoon, C. cardunculus L. Other species, interfertile with thistle are also ancestral forms of C. scolymus (eg C. syriaca Boiss.) [141].
Chemical composition
Have been isolated twenty components: triterpenes and sterols, guayanólidos (cinaropicrina derivatives and similar variables as the geographical origin), flavonoids (derived glucosyl and ramnoglucósidos of luteolol [142,143]. The active components are acids and alcohols, esters, acids phenols.
Acids, alcohols
The sheet focuses malic acid (800 mg/100 g of dry drug) and Succinic acid, lactic, fumaric, Glycerides, citric, glycolic. It also contains acid-hidroximetilacrílico in a free form [144].
Polyphenols
Next to caféico acid (acid (E) -3,4-dihidroxicinámico) are esters: cinarina 1.3 diester caféico acid and acid quínico [145], chlorogenic acid, monocafeato in 3 acid quínico, neoclorogénico acid. The phenolic compounds, whose content varies depending on the variety, the kind of sheets and the period of vegetative cycle [146] - are concentrated in the leaf blade containing 7.2 g / kg compared to 0.52 g / kg in the petiole.
Pharmacological data
The properties traditionally attributed to the road are manifested at the liver.
Effects colerética
The cinarina administered to rats with a probe, shows, compared with the effects caused by equimoleculares dose of sodium dehidrocolato, a very clear both on the bile flow on the excretion of cholesterol [147]. The chlorogenic acid produces the same effects [149]. Other experiments on rats to which it provoked a hipocoleresis or hipercoleresis, anfocolerética show that the activity of the drug is due to a mixture of alcohols, acids [144,148]. There has also been the activity of different extracts reduce cholesterol levels in rats administered [149]. As it has found the hepatoprotective activity of the extract of the mixture of acids and alcohols to acid-hidroximetilacrílico, regarding the toxicity of ethanol [144,148], the cinarina also reveals effective in isolated rat hepatocytes, compared to CCl4. A former study, confirmed by Mortier [148] has shown increased diuresis obtained with an aqueous extract of the drug.
Observations on man
In men, cinarina exerts a recognized colerética action, while serving on the Elimination of fecal bile acids. In one trial versus placebo, the cinarina causes a decrease in cholesterol and lipoproteins [151]. Despite the fact that many authors have shown the effect of cholesterol-3.6 to 22% to daily doses which range from 60 mg and 1.5 g [151, 152a, b] -, this effect has not been proven hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with type IIa and b [153]. In some cases, the significant decrease (41%) of cholesterol [and Hammwerl al., 1973] could be due, to some extent, the associated regime [154]. The decrease noted in the triglyceride level is usually around 20% [154].
Employment
The artichoke is widely used for many centuries, remains a very colerética drug investigation. Apparently devoid of toxicity (LD50 butanol extract: 0.8 g / kg, rat, ip; LD50 of an extract 46% of chlorogenic acid: 2 g / kg, rat, per os), drugs and their preparations (extracts , Dyes, dyes mother, capsules, tea-very-bitter, suspension of the fresh plant ...) constitute an essential element in the herbal medicine. This is due to its ownership of "favoring the functions of digestive and renal elimination." They are listed in the symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders dyspeptic: epigastric bloating, nausea, aerophagia, flatulence. In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for Hepatobiliary disorders, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Constipation. Edema. Detoxifying.
Precautions
Is contraindicated in periods of lactation. In case of gallstones does not extend much treatment.
The drug
Artichoke leaf reaches 50 cm in height. The top surface of the blade is gray-green, white bottom, covered with pelillos and traveled by nerviaciones marked. Observed under a microscope, introduced three kinds of hair TECTOR. The most numerous are a short walk and a cell terminal that is shaped like a long and winding fiber. The thin-layer chromatography, performed with an alcoholic macerate, reveals the presence of chlorogenic acid and its esters, as well as 7-glucosil luteolol. All these compounds can be measured by high performance liquid chromatography [155].
Bibliography
[141] C. FOURY
Quelques aspects de l'histoire des variétés d'artichaut Cynara scolymus L.
J. Agric. Trad. Bot. Appl., 25, 25-50, 1978. See also: D. ZOHARY and J. BASNIZKY, The cultivated artichoke
[142] E. BOMBARDELLI, B. GABETTA and E.M. Martinelli
Gas Liquid Chromatography and mass spectrometric
Cynara scolymus L. investigation on Phytotherapy, 48, 143-152, 1977.
[143] S.I. EL-NEGOUMY, N.H. EL-SAYED and N.A.M. SALEH
Flavonoid glycosides of Cynara scolymus.
Phytotherapy, 58, 178-180, 1987.
[144] J.P. BOGAERT
Contribution à l'étude de l'acide hydroxetméthylacrylique and various other organic acids associated dans l'artichaut.
Doctoral Thesis of at Pharmacie, Paris, 1973.
[145] I. HORMA, R. BADOUD and W. AMMANN
Food related application of one-and two-dimentional high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance: structure and conformation of Cynarina.
J. Agric. Food. Chem., 32, 538-540, 1984.
[146] V. LATTANZIO and I. MORON
Variations of the content of orthodiphenol Cynara scolymus L. plant during the growing seasons.
Experientia, 35, 993-994, 1979.
[147] P. Preziosi and P. LOSCALZO
Pharmacological properties of 1-4 dicafeylquinic acid, the active principle of Cynara scolymus L.
Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn., 117, 63-80, 1958.
[148] F. MORTI
De l'intérêt Thérapeutiques of certain organic acids aliphatiques constituants of various drugs hepatorenal et à reputation especially scolymus L. Cynara
Doctoral Thesis of at Pharmacie, Nancy, 1972.
[149] A. LIETTI
Choleretic and cholesterol lowering properties of two artichoke extracts.
Phytotherapy, 48, 153-158, 1977.
[150] T. ADZET, J. CAMARASA and J.C. LAGUNA
Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCI4 toxicity in isolated rat Hepatocyte. J. Nat. Prod., 50, 612-617, 1987.
[151] M. Montini, P. LEVONI, A. Ongaro and G. PAGANI
Kontrollierte Anwendung von Cynarina in der Behandlung hyperlipämischer Syndrome.
Arzneim. - Forsch., 25, 5637-5640, 1979.
[152] (a) G. ADAM & R. KLUTH
Cholesterinsenkender Effekt von Cynarina.
Therapiewoche, 29, 5637-5640, 1979.
(b) H. PRISTAUTZ
Cynarina in der modern Hyperlipidämielbehandlung.
Wien. med. Wschr., 125, 705-709, 1975.
[153] H. HECKERS, K. Dittmar, F.W. SCHMAHL and K. Huth
Inefficiency of Cynarina as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Atherosclerosis, 26, 249-253, 1977.
[154] W. SCHEFFLER and W. SCHWARTZKOPFF
Frequently used lipid-lowering drugs having no guaranteed effects.
Artery, 8, 120-127, 1980.
[155] T. ADZET and M. PUIGMACIA
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives of Cynara scolymus L. leaves. J. Chromatogr., (348) 447-453, 1985.
Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant
Hyperlipidemia
Migraine
Dyskinesias bile
Viral Hepatitis
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Liver failure
Gallstones
Hypercholesterolemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
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