Other names:
Castilian: Acebo, agrifolio, cardón, hill, caedón, Acebo Europe, the English holly, holly Oregon, sparking the holly, holly of Christmas,
Acebo of the Crocodile, click the holly, holly, the common holly, holly green.
French: Houx, Houx Epineux, Housson, the Grande Sorry, Franco de Bois, Greou, Agrifous, Agriou, Grifeuil,
Agabousse, Alquiroux.
English: Holly, holm, Hulme, hulver, bush, holytree, Crist's thorn
Italy: Aquifolio Comune, Alloro Spinoso, Leccio Spinoso.
Dutch: Hulst
German: Stechpalme, Hülsdorn, Cristdorn, Hulst, Hülse.
Principal Risks: by poison of ilex aquifolium is due to the ingestion of berries, which can induce gastrointestinal symptoms.
Summary of clinical effects: Ingestion of berries can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. And sleep
drowsiness have been seen in children after ingestion of large amounts of berries. Although the fatal cases
have been reported only in ancient literature there are no recent reports of severe poisoning. Ingestion of
berries of Ilex aquifolium associates for the most part with gastrointestinal symptoms. The eye damage can occur because of the thorny leaves.
First Aid: vomiting or gastric lavage can be indicated in recent ingestion of more than 5-10 berries in a child. Hospitalization is indicated if the amounts have been great.
Toxic parts: All parts of the plant containing the active ingredients (Aliharidis, 1987).
Gastrointestinal symptoms appear within hours after ingestion of berries and can last for 24 H. The severe symptoms can be observed after ingestion of many berries.
The deaths have been reported in the literature oldest (Lewin, 1929), but has not been confirmed by recent reports.
Toxins Key: Ilex aquifolium contains several toxins: saponin, the halls of Phenolic, terpenoids, sterols, the
alkaloids, anthocyanins (Thomas, 1980, Alikaridis 1987).
Description of the plant: Ilex aquifolium is an evergreen tree of 1-20 meters high. Leaves: dark green, shine, it has spines, very tough, The flowers are small, white, pinkish, fragrant; stood at the base of the leaves (April-July). The fruit is red berries of 8 mm in diameter. Each berry contains 4 seeds (from August to October December).
Habitat: Ilex aquifolium grows in forests, parks, gardens and in areas of plains and mountains. The plant is native to Europe. It is grown as an ornamental tree in North America and North Africa.
Toxic parts: The leaves, bark, berries contain active ingredients; no information available on roots.
The toxin (toxin): Several active ingredients have been identified: Phenolic derivatives: vanillic acid, P-hydroxybenzoic
The (fruit); acid anthocyanin: cyanidin-3-xylosylglucoside (fruit); pelargonidin-3-GLUCOSIDE; Flavonoids: quercetin-3-rutinoside (leaves)
Terpenoids: alpha-amyrin (bark, leaves, fruit); ursolic acid (leaves, fruit); acid
(leaves) from oleanolic; lactone (fruit) of ilex; Sterols: ergosterol (leaves), beta-sitosterol (fruit); The alkaloids: theobromine
The fatty acids: acid (leaves) for pentadecanoic; acid (leaves) from PALMITIC; acid (leaves) from STEARIC;
acid (leaves) of arachidic; acid (leaves) from OLEIC; acid (leaves) of linolenic; Alkanes: (leaves, fruit) Cyanogenic glucosidase:
Uses: In folk medicine, Ilex aquifolium (infusion or decoction of dried leaves) is traditionally used
to intermittent fever and rheumatism; antipiréticas for their properties, astringent, the effects of
diuretic and expectorant (Alikaridis, 1987). Ilex aquifolium is also used occasionally in homeopathic
The plant is native to Europe but is also cultivated in North America and North Africa.
TOXICOLOGY / TOXINOLOGY / pharmacology
Mechanism of action
The exact mode of action is unknown. Gastrointestinal symptoms may be due to the mouse. However, no specific toxin responsible for the symptoms have been identified.
REFERENCES
Clinical and Toxicological
Botanical
Alikaridis F (1987). Natural constituents of ilex species. J
Ethnopharmacol 20: 121-144.
Arena JM (1979). Are holly berries toxic? (letter). J Am Med
Assoc 242: 2341.
Balansard Flandrin J & P (1951). Heterosides of the leaves of
the holly tree (Ilex aquifolium). Chem Abst 45: 7307.
Bate-Smith EC (1962). The constituents of plants of Phenolic
their taxonomic significance I. Dicotyledons. J Linnean Soc
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Bohnic P (1959). Contribution to the knowledge of the
chemistry of holly (Ilex aquifolium). Farm Vestn (L. jubljana)
10: 57-58.
Bohnic P (1967). Determination of theobromine in Ilex
aquifolium. Farmacevtski Vestnik 18: 9-20.
Budzikiewicz H, Thomas H (1980). p-cumaroxy-ursolsaure, ein
neuer inhaltstoff von Ilex aquifolium. L Z Naturforsch 35b:
230-231.
Catalano S, Marsili A, Morell I, L Pistelli, Scartoni V.
Constituents of the leaves of Ilex aquifolium. Planta Medica
33: 416-417.
Crombie WM (1958). Fatty acids in leaves and chloroplasts. J
Experimen Botany 2: 254-261.
Chrelashivili MN, Mgaloblishvili MP (1974). Reactions of the
carbohydrates in leaves of different ages in evergreen plants
during fall and winter. Turdy Instituta Bot Academiia Nauk
Gruzinskoi SSR 27: 247-259.
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Fritzsche S (1983). Les baies toxic. Médecine thesis of No. 303
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Edition, Heidelberg, Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag.
Ishikura N (1971). Paper chromatographic analysis of
anthocyanins in the red epicarp of Ilex aquifolium. Botanical
Magazine, Tokyo 24: 113-117.
Jungfleisch, Leroux (1908). Identity of alcohol with Ilicic
alpha amyrin. Des Comptes returned to weekly sessions
l'Académie des Sciences 147: 862-864.
Knapp R, Liskens HF (1954). Amino acids from leaf of straw
plant species of forests with different soils.
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Lechevalier (1947). "Le livre des medicinal plants and
vénéneux de France. Encyclopédie biologique, Paris.
Mitchell J, Rook A (1979). Botanical dermatology. Greengrass,
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Science 98: 1585-1587.
Poisindex
Rodriguez TD, PN Johnson, Jeffrey LP (1984). Holly berry
Ingestion: case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 26: 157-158.
Santamour FS (1973). Anthocyanins of holly fruits.
Phytochemistry 12: 611-615.
Schindler M, Herb M (1955). Chemistry of Ilex aquifolium.
Isolation of ursolic acid and RUTIN from the leaves. Arch
Pharmazie 288: 372-377.
Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Ilex lactone, ein
bisnormonoterpen neuartiger strukturen aus Ilex aquifolium.
Phytochemistry 19: 1866-1868.
Thomas H, Budzikiewicz H (1980). Inhaltstoffe von der Frucht
Ilex aquifolium. L Z Pflanzenphysio 99: 271-276.
LRG Valadon, Sellens AM, Mummery RS (1975). Carotenoids of
various berries. Ann Botany 39: 785-790.
Vermont J (1977). Toxicology baies ou à des plantes à fruits
bacciformes. Thèse Lyon.
Waud RA (1932). A digitalis-like action of extracts made from
holly. J Pharmacol Exp There 45: 27.
Waud RA (1932). Further studies on extracts made from holly.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 30: 393-398.
Willems M (1988). Quantitative determination in Ilex
aquifolium. Planta Medica 55: 195.
14. AUTHOR (S), Review (S), DATES, COMPLETE ADDRESSES
Author: Professor A. Jaeger, Dr. F. Flesch
Center Anti-Poisons de Strasbourg
Hospices civils - BP. 426
67091 Strasbourg
France
Tel: 33-88161144
Fax: 33-88161330
Tlx: 770 880 CHU STG
Date: 26 April 1990
Peer review: Strasbourg, France, April 1990
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